New Zealand women's employment outcomes: the relationship between working shorter hours and low paid, female-dominated occupations

data tables

Figure 1: Low-paid prime-aged employees by gender and ethnicity (March 2008)

	Total prime-aged males	Low-paid males (earn < $15.30)	Total prime-aged females	Low-paid females (earn < $15.30)
European only	417.2	42.3	410.2	102.0
Maori only	31.9	7.7	30.7	12.6
European/Maori	26.6	5.2	29.2	9.1
Pacific only	26.6	7.9	21.6	9.3
Other ethnic groups and combinations	77.1	17.0	67.9	21.0

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Figure 2: Distribution of Prime-aged Employees by Size of Establishment (March 2008)

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed < 37 hrs and low-paid
Not specified	8.9	9.1	9.7	11.0
0 - 19 employees	45.6	48.9	45.4	46.7
20 - 49 employees	15.4	15.3	15.1	15.2
50 or more employees	30.1	26.7	29.9	27.1

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Figure 3: Distribution of prime-aged employees by sector of employment (March 2008)

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed < 37hrs and low-paid
Private	71.5	57.3	68.5	62.5
Public	15.1	25.3	11.9	14.6
Not-for-profit	4.7	9.6	10.6	12.4
Other, not specfied	8.7	7.8	9.0	10.4

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Figure 4: Tenure of prime-aged employees (March 2008:

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Females employed part-time (less than 37 hours a week)	low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed part-time and low-paid
Less than 1 year	18.7	22.0	24.4	32.2	35.6
1 to less than 3 years	22.2	25.3	27.6	28.2	29.4
3 to less than 5 years	16.4	16.7	15.6	15.7	15.4
5 years or more	42.7	35.8	32.3	23.8	19.6

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Figure 5: Weekly hours of prime-aged male and female employees, March 2008

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Females employed part-time (less than 37 hours a week)	Low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed part-time and low-paid
1 < 20	2.0	14.9	34.2	26.0	42.4
20 < 30	2.2	16.1	36.9	20.7	33.9
30 < 37	3.8	12.6	28.9	14.6	23.8
37 < 40	4.0	6.5		4.6
40+	87.1	48.7		32.9

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Figure 6: Occupational distribution of prime-aged employees March 2008

	Total prime-aged males	Males employed< 37 hours	Total prime-aged females	Females employed < 37 hours
Legislators, Administrators & Managers	17.6	7.3	11.4	6.3
Professionals	16.9	20.5	23.7	20.8
Technicians & Associated Professionals	12.1	15.1	15.2	14.9
Clerks	5.6	7.1	21.7	24.1
Service & Sales Workers	8.7	16.0	16.6	22.9
Agriculture & Fishery Workers	5.0	5.9	2.3	2.9
Trades Workers	15.2	7.0	0.8	0.4
Plant & Machine Operators & Assemblers	14.0	10.9	3.3	1.5
Elementary Occupations	4.8	10.3	4.9	6.2

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Figure 7: Ethnic composition of employees by gender, hours and low pay (March 2008)

Ethnic Group	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Females employed < 37 hours a week	low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed < 37 hours  and low-paid
European only	72.0	73.3	78.9	66.3	74.6
Maori only	5.5	5.5	4.3	8.2	6.8
European/Maori	4.6	5.2	4.8	5.9	5.1
Pacific only	4.6	3.9	2.6	6.0	3.6
Other ethnic groups and combinations	13.3	12.1	9.4	13.6	9.9

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Figure 8: proportion ofprime aged employees wanting more hours of work (march 2008)

	Total prime-aged males	Males employed part-time (less than 37 hours a week)	Low-paid males (earn < $15.30)	Males employed part-time and low-paid	Total prime-aged females	Females employed < 37 hours a week	Low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed part-time and low-paid
yes	7.6	30.7	17.4	39.4	8.4	15.5	17.2	22.9
no	91.8	67.7	81.8	58.1	90.8	83.7	81.8	75.9
Do not know	0.6	1.6	0.8	2.5	0.8	0.8	1.0	1.3

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Figure 9: The distribution of hourly earnings of prime-aged employees (March 2008)

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Females employed < 37 hours a week
Not specified	8.6	8.3	8.4
up to $12.50	4.0	8.7	13.9
$12.50-<$15	7.6	15.0	20.0
$15-<$20	21.6	24.5	24.8
$20-<$30	32.6	29.4	21.2
$30-<50	17.8	11.0	8.9
$50 or more	7.7	3.1	2.8

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Figure 10: Highest qualifications of prime-aged employees (March 2008)

	All male employees	All female employees	Females employed > 37 hours per week	Females employed part-time < 37 hours a week
No qualification	16.0	15.7	14.5	17.2
School C/NCEA level 1	4.9	7.4	7.2	7.6
Higher school qual	9.8	10.9	10.5	11.5
Vocational or trade qual	36.7	33.0	30.1	36.8
Bachelor's degree/Post-grad qual	25.5	25.7	30.4	19.7

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Figure 11: Proportion of prime-aged employees who were low-paid by qualifications (March 2008)

	All male employees	All female employees	Females employed > 37 hours per week	Females employed < 37 hours per week
No qualification	29%	51%	40%	63%
School C/NCEA level 1	16%	32%	21%	47%
Higher school qualification	14%	26%	17%	36%
Vocational or trade qualification	11%	28%	20%	37%
Bachelor's degree/Post-graduate qualification	8%	9%	6%	16%

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Figure 12: Proportion of prime-aged employees who received some employer provided training in the previous 12 months (March 2008)

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Females employed less than 37 hours a week	Low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed < 37 hrs and low-paid
Some training	35.7	33.2	26.8	18.7	17.5
No training	64.0	66.6	73.1	81.3	82.5

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Figure 13: training received by prime-aged employees in last 12 months

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Females employed less than 37 hours a week	Low-paid females (earn < $15.30)	Females employed < 37 hrs and low-paid
Some training	35.7	33.2	26.8	18.7	17.5
No training	64.0	66.6	73.1	81.3	82.5

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Figure 14: Prime-aged employees parental status, partner status and whether partner is employed

	Males	Male work part-time	Female	Female work part-time	Low-paid female	Low-paid female work part-time
Not parent/caregiver of child under 14	58.6	66.5	60.2	45.3	55.7	47.7
Sole parent/caregiver of child under 14	1.2	2.8	7.8	10.5	11.7	13.2
Partnered parent of child under 14, spouse employed	25.2	20.0	28.5	40.2	28.4	34.0
Partnered parent, child under 14, spouse not employed	15.1	10.7	3.5	4.1	4.1	5.1

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Figure 15: Transfer payments, low pay and working less than full-time (June 2008, income survey data )

	Total prime-aged males	Total prime-aged females	Females employed part-time and low-paid
Income from a main benefit	1.0	4.7	15.2
Any WINZ income, including Accomodatin Supplement and family support	3.8	10.1	23.9
All Government transfer income, including Student Allowance and tax credit but excluding ACC	8	20.8	40.2

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Figure 16: Usual hours of work in main job of prime-aged women employed as care workers, sales workers and cleaners/caretakers (March 2008)

	Prime-aged female personal care workers	Prime-aged female sales workers	Prime-aged female cleaners and caretakers	Total prime aged female employees
1 < 20	20.4	24.8	51.0	14.9
20 < 30	24.8	17.7	14.1	16.1
30 < 37	15.8	16.6	10.3	12.6
37 < 40	3.8	6.1	0.8	6.5
40+	33.3	33.1	22.1	48.7

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Figure 17: Hours of work by low-paid prime-aged women carers, sales workers and cleaners/caretakers (March 2008)

	Personal care workers and low-paid (earn < $15.30)	Sales workers and low-paid (earn < $15.30)	Cleaner and caretakers and low-paid (earn < $15.30)	Total prime aged female employees earn < $15.30
1 < 20	23.9	30.6	55.7	26.0
20 < 30	30.1	16.9	14.7	20.7
30 < 37	16.9	15.5	13.3	14.6
37 < 40	5.8	4.6	0.6	4.6
40+	21.8	30.6	14.0	32.9

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Figure 18: Highest qualifications of cleaners, sales workers and personal care workers (March 2008)

	Personal care workers	Personal care workers, hours < 37	Sales workers	Sales workers, hours < 37	Cleaners and caretakers	Cleaners, hours < 37	All low-paid prime-aged female employees
No qualification	14.60	13.70	13.70	13.30	13.90	13.70	16.30
School qualification	14.60	15.30	15.40	15.60	14.00	13.50	20.00
Post-school qualification	15.50	14.70	14.90	14.10	14.60	13.70	24.70

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Figure 19: Percentage distribution of prime-aged females by hourly wage

Hourly earnings	Personal care workers	Sales workers	Cleaners and caretakers	Total prime-aged female employees	Total prime-aged employees
Not specified	5.6	5.4	9.1	8.3	8.4
up to $12.50	13.1	24.4	35.0	8.7	6.3
$12.50 < $15	46.9	34.9	35.1	15.0	11.2
$15 < $20	25.8	27.5	12.1	24.5	23.0
$20 plus	7.2	7.0	6.9	43.5	50.9

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Figure 20: Average hourly earnings by job tenure for prime-aged female employees (March 2008)

	Personal care workers	Personal care workers, hours < 37	Sales workers	Sales workers, hours < 37	Cleaners and caretakers	Cleaners, hours < 37	Total prime-aged female employees
Less than 1 year	14.20	14.30	13.30	13.30	13.70	13.80	19.70
1 to less than 3 years	13.80	12.90	15.20	14.70	14.10	14.20	21.10
3 to less than 5 years	15.60	15.10	15.10	14.20	12.70	12.40	22.40
5 years or more	16.60	16.40	15.70	15.90	15.30	13.80	25.00

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Figure 21: The relationship of highest qualification to average hourly wages for prime-aged female employees (March 2008)

	Personal care workers	Personal care workers, hours < 37	Sales workers	Sales workers, hours < 37	Cleaners and caretakers	Cleaners, hours < 37	Total prime-aged female employees
No qualification	14.60	13.70	13.70	13.30	13.90	13.70	16.30
School qualification	14.60	15.30	15.40	15.60	14.00	13.50	20.00
Post-school qualification	15.50	14.70	14.90	14.10	14.60	13.70	24.70

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Figure 22: Partnership status and employment status of partners of prime aged employees (March 2008)

	Males	Female	Female < 37 hours	Low-paid females	Personal care	Low-paid personal care	Sales	Low-paid sales	Cleaner	Low-paid cleaner
No spouse/ partner	25.3	29.6	24.1	32.2	33.8	33.3	31.4	31.0	42.2	42.6
Spouse/ partner not employed	21.1	7.3	7.3	8.6	11.8	11.2	8.4	9.2	11.3	10.2
Employed spouse /partner	53.6	63.1	68.6	59.2	54.4	55.5	60.2	59.8	46.5	47.2

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